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fpga chips
All Tascam US-x2y devices have a Xilinx FPGA inside, but Tascam use a different chip for each box:
  • US-122: Xilinx Spartan-II XC2S15
  • US-224: Xilinx Spartan-II XC2S30
  • US-428: Xilinx Spartan XCS20XL
fpga development information
The firmware upload is normally done by usx2yloader. The historic FPGA upload tool was rbtload. Rbtload is part of the tascam-loader, but it doesn't work with the alsa-driver together. Nevertheless, this package has also a nice linux utility to extract the FPGA data from the original windows driver file.
Xilinx offers a lot of documentation about their FPGA products. If you're interested in developing a free firmware you can read a lot of pdf files there.
But ALSA is still using the original closed source from Tascam/Frontier Design. Those firmware files (us122fw.rbt, us224fw.rbt, us428fw.rbt) are available in alsa-firmware.